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Pandey, Ankita
- Antibacterial Activity of Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Phyllanthus emblica (Amla)
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob School of Biotechnology and Bio-Engineering, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad (U.P.), IN
1 Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob School of Biotechnology and Bio-Engineering, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad (U.P.), IN
Source
Asian Journal of Bio Science, Vol 11, No 1 (2016), Pagination: 37-41Abstract
Plant extracts continues the numerous searches for more effective drugs of plant origin which are less toxic and available for low socio-economic population in the treatment of diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria. The potential for developing antibacterial from higher plants appears rewarding as it will result to the development of a phytomedicine to act against microbes. The Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum and Phyllanthus emblica extracts were tested for antibacterial activity by spread plate method against four pathogens Escherichia. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Nessieria flavescenes,. It was found that gram negative bacteria were largely inhibited by the extract of amlathan that of neem and tulsi. The zone of inhibition was measured which showed that extract of amla was of high antibacterial activity as compared to meem and tulsi. Methanol extracts were more active than the aqueous extract against all the bacteria. The zones of inhibition were ranging from 1- 3.5 cm in diameter. The highest zone of inhibitions (3.5cm) was noted in methanol extract of P. emblica against S. aureus. The highest yield of methanolic extract was found in Azadiracta indica (29.08%). The extract of Ocimum sanctum and Phyllanthus emblica were most effective against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
Keywords
Antibacterial Activity, Plant Extract, Zone of Inhibition.
- Mechanistic Insights into Monocrotophos Induced Toxicity in Neuronal Cells
Abstract Views :419 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, Maharishi University of Information Technology, P.O - Maharishi Vidya Mandir, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, IN
1 Department of Zoology, Maharishi University of Information Technology, P.O - Maharishi Vidya Mandir, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, IN
Source
Toxicology International (Formerly Indian Journal of Toxicology), Vol 24, No 1 (2017), Pagination: 114-121Abstract
The plethora of literature has reported the vulnerability of neuronal cells to environmental toxicants. Among such toxicants, pesticides, especially organophosphorus (OPs), have been demonstrated to exhibit severe neurotoxic effects on the brain. Monocrotophos, a widely used OP has been implicated in the onset of perilous systemic effects, in particular neurotoxicity. To gain insight into the toxicity mechanism of MCP we evaluated the potential effects of the compound on NSC derived neuronal cells in culture using a battery of cytotoxicity parameters. MCP exerted concentration dependent cytotoxicity on neuronal cells manifested by reduced cell viability, increased lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione levels. These changes were accompanied by excessive reactive oxygen species generation and membrane depolarization with parallel alterations in markers of neuronal injury and dose dependent reduction in the expression of anti apoptotic protein Bcl- 2 implicating cell apoptosis. Together these findings implicate the vulnerability of neuronal cells to MCP exposure that warrants stringent use of the pesticide.Keywords
Monocrotophos, Pesticide, Neuronal Cells, Neurotoxicity.References
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- Chang SH et al. Methylmercury induces caspase-dependent apoptosis and autophagy in human neural stem cells. The Journal of toxicological sciences. 2013; 38: 823-831.
- Dardiotis E et al. The interplay between environmental and genetic factors in Parkinson’s disease susceptibility: the evidence for pesticides. Toxicology. 2013; 307: 17-23.
- Violi F et al. Risk of ALS and passive long-term residential exposure to pesticides: a population based study. The European Journal of Public Health.2015; 25 : ckv175. 053.
- Hayden KM et al. The association between lifetime occupational exposure to pesticides and cognitive decline in the elderly. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association. 2014; 10:P266-P267.
- Mostafalou S and Abdollahi M. Pesticides and human chronic diseases: evidences, mechanisms, and perspectives. Toxicology and applied pharmacology. 2013; 268: 157-177.
- Dewan A and Saiyed H. Acute poisonings due to agricultural pesticides reported to the NIOH Poison Information Centre. in Proceedings of the WHO workshop on occupational health problems in agriculture sector. National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad. 1998.
- Aktar W, Sengupta D and Chowdhury A. Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards. Interdisciplinary toxicology. 2009; 2: 1-12.
- Betancourt AM and Carr RL. The effect of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-oxon on brain cholinesterase, muscarinic receptor binding, and neurotrophin levels in rats following early postnatal exposure. Toxicological Sciences. 2004; 77: 63-71.
- Terry A.V et al. Chronic, intermittent exposure to chlorpyrifos in rats: protracted effects on axonal transport, neurotrophin receptors, cholinergic markers, and information processing. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2007; 322: 1117-1128.
- Costa LG et al. Measurement of paraoxonase (PON1) status as a potential biomarker of susceptibility to organophosphate toxicity. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2005; 352: 37-47.
- Venkatesh S et al. Mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibition and nitric oxide are involved in muscle weakness that occurs in acute exposure of rats to monocrotophos. Toxicology mechanisms and methods. 2009; 19: 239-245.
- Agrawal M et al. Ischemic insult induced apoptotic changes in PC12 cells: protection by trans resveratrol. European journal of pharmacology. 2011; 666: 5-11.
- Siddiqui M et al. Protective potential of trans-resveratrol against 4-hydroxynonenal induced damage in PC12 cells. Toxicology in Vitro. 2010; 24: 1592-1598.
- Srivastava RK et al. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes induce oxidative stress and apoptosis in human lung cancer cell line-A549. Nanotoxicology. 2011; 5: 195-207.
- Slotkin TA. Cholinergic systems in brain development and disruption by neurotoxicants: nicotine, environmental tobacco smoke, organophosphates. Toxicology and applied pharmacology. 2004; 198: 132-151.
- Madrigal JL et al. Glutathione depletion, lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial dysfunction are induced by chronic stress in rat brain. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001; 24: 420-429.
- Kashyap M et al. Caspase cascade regulated mitochondria mediated apoptosis in monocrotophos exposed PC12 cells. pathways.2010; 2: 17.
- Kumar V et al. Trans-resveratrol restores the damages induced by organophosphate pesticide-monocrotophos in neuronal cells. Toxicology international. 2013; 20: 48.
- Karami-Mohajeri S and Abdollahi M. Mitochondrial dysfunction and organophosphorus compounds. Toxicology and applied pharmacology. 2013; 270: 39-44.
- Yaduvanshi SK et al. Monocrotophos induced lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage in rat tissues. Pesticide biochemistry and Physiology. 2010; 97: 214-222.
- Constraints in Adoption of Integrated Pest Management Practices by Cotton Growers in Nimar Region of Madhya Pradesh
Abstract Views :222 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Krishi Vigyan Kendra (R.V.S.K.V.V.), Dewas (M.P.), IN
1 Krishi Vigyan Kendra (R.V.S.K.V.V.), Dewas (M.P.), IN
Source
Agriculture Update, Vol 12, No 3 (2017), Pagination: 487-490Abstract
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a pest management system that in the context of the associated environment and the population dynamics of the pest species, utilizes all suitable techniques and methods in as compatible manner as possible and maintain the pest population at level below these causing economic injury. This approach has been globally accepted for achieving sustainability in agriculture and maintaining the agro-eco-system. Cotton being a major commercial crop of the Nimar region in Madhya Pradesh and keeping in view the importance of IPM to manage the insects and pests of cotton crop, the present study was carried out to assess the present status of adoption of IPM practices by cotton growers in Barwani district of Nimar region. The multistage sampling technique was employed to select 140 respondents from seven blocks of the district for present study. The perusal of data indicated that the majority of respondents adopted recommended chemical control measure (95.33%). The great majority of the farmers are using chemicals to protect their cotton crop along with other cultural practices like grazing by sheep and goat in cotton field after last picking (79.16%), use of certified seed (85.66%) and use of recommended dose of fertilizers (66.33%). The findings also indicated that the majority of cotton growers faced problems that inadequacy of labours and high wage rate for undertaking the manual work like handpicking (87.85%), adoption of biological control measures and mechanical control (82.14%). The lack of knowledge about yellow sticky traps for control of white fly (74.28%), lack of knowledge about use of pheromone trap (82.14%), lack of knowledge about intercropping of cotton with cowpea/maize/lady finger as trap crop (73.57%), lack of knowledge about use of bio-agent (58.57%) and lack of knowledge about procedure of preparing extract of neem seed kernel (52.14%) were the major constraints in adoption of IPM programme.Keywords
Integrated Pest Management, Sustainability, Intercropping, Constraints.References
- Chander, Subhash and Singh, S.P. (2003). Constraints in adoption of integrated pest management practices in cotton. Indian J. Extn. Edu., 39 (182) : 41-49.
- Katole, R.T., Nikhade, D.M., Ingle, P.O. and Wankhade, P.P. (1997). Extent of adoption of plant protection measures in hybrid cotton AHH-468. J.Soils & Crops, 7(2) : 160-162.
- Krishnamurthy, B. and Veerabhadraiah, V. (1999). Impact of farmer field school on integrated pest management in rice farmers in Karnataka, India. Tropical Agric. Res., 11 :174-189.
- Nema, K.K. and Verma, S.N. (2000). Integrated management of gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hub.) in chickpea. In souvenir annual workshop of AICRP on chickpea and MULLARP (Agrawal, S.C., Prasad, K.V.V. and Yadav, H.S. ed.) Held at CIAE Bhopal, Sept., 10-13, 2000.
- Sharma, V.B., Sharma, T.N. and Singh, R.L. (1997). Adoption behaviour of cotton growers with special reference to knowledge status and constraints. Crop Res., Hissar, 13(1): 199-203.
- Shinde, P.S., Bhople, R.S. and Vaidya, V.R. (1997). Adoption of integrated pest management practices by cotton growers. Maha. J. Extn. Edu., 16 : 167-173.